Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation but may result in serious bleeding complications. Off-label dose-reduced use of DOAC to mitigate bleeding is common in routine clinical practice although data regarding its consequences on patient outcomes is limited. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of off-label dose-reduced versus per-label standard-dose DOAC treatment.