Hepatitis B and D

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a major global healthcare challenge with changing epidemiology and increasing morbidity and mortality from the complications of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus infection can be broadly categorized into four disease phases: (1) hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic infection; (2) HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis; (3) HBeAg-negative chronic infection; and (4) HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis. After hepatitis B surface antigen loss, patients do not require any specific follow-up but they carry a risk of reactivation in the event of immunosuppression.